INTRODUCTION TO MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATION

HISTORY OF  COMPUTER.

Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.

Computer Generations

There are five generations of computer:

•First generation–1946 -1958

•The first computers used vacuum tubes  for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.

•They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.

•Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts

Vacuum tubes

•Second generation–1959 -1964

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.

•One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.

•Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable.

•Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer.

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.

•Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

•These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

Transistor

•Third generation–1965 -1970

The development of the integrated circuitwas the hallmark of the third generation of computers.

•Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

•Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation computers.

•It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.

Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.

•Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors

•Fourth generation–1971 -today

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

•As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.

•Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

•Fifth generation–Today to future

Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).

•Still in development.

•The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

•The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

•There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.